Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally composed as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] until 1934, frequently described as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, advanced statesman, author, and the creator of the Republic of Turkey, working as its first President from 1923 till his death in 1938. His good-hearted dictatorship undertook sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories became known as Kemalism. Due to his military and political achievements, Atatürk is related to according to research studies as one of the best leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk pertained to prominence for his function in protecting the Ottoman Turkish success at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Movement, which withstood mainland Turkey's partition amongst the triumphant Allied powers. Developing a provisionary federal government in the contemporary Turkish capital Ankara, he beat the forces sent by the Allies, hence emerging victorious from what was later on described as the Turkish War of Independence. He consequently proceeded to eliminate the run-down Ottoman Empire and declared the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its location.
As the president of the recently formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a strenuous program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the supreme objective of building a modern, progressive and secular nation-state. He made main education free and mandatory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. He likewise presented the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish women received equivalent civil and political Click for more info rights during Atatürk's presidency ahead of numerous Western countries. [8] In particular, women were given voting rights in regional elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, complete universal suffrage, earlier than a lot of other democracies worldwide.
His federal government carried out a policy of Turkicisation, attempting to produce an uniform and unified nation. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pressured to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and surnames of minorities had to be altered to Turkish renditions. The Turkish Parliament approved him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which implies "Daddy of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in constructing the modern Turkish Republic. [16] He passed away on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was succeeded as President by his veteran Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was honored with a state funeral service. His iconic mausoleum in Ankara, constructed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his famous expression "Peace in the house, Peace in the World".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year worldwide and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, describing him as "the leader of the very first battle given versus manifest destiny and imperialism" and a "amazing promoter of the sense of understanding between individuals and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the advancement of consistency and cooperation in between individuals without distinction". [19] [20] Atatürk is celebrated by numerous memorials and locations called in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.