Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] up until 1934, typically referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, advanced statesman, author, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its very first President from 1923 till his death in 1938. His kindhearted dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, commercial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories ended up being referred to as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is regarded according to studies as one of the biggest leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk pertained to prominence for his role in protecting the Ottoman Turkish victory at the Fight of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition amongst the triumphant Allied powers. Developing a provisionary federal government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara, he beat the forces sent out by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later described as the Turkish War of Self-reliance. He subsequently continued to abolish the run-down Ottoman Empire and announced the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its place.
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk started an extensive program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the ultimate objective of developing a modern-day, progressive and nonreligious nation-state. He made primary education free and mandatory, opening thousands of brand-new schools all over the country. He also introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish women got equivalent civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency ahead of lots of Western nations. [8] In particular, females were provided ballot rights in regional elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later on, in 1934, full universal suffrage, earlier than the majority of read more other democracies on the planet.
His government performed a policy of Turkicisation, trying to develop a homogeneous and unified country. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pressured to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and surnames of minorities needed to be altered to Turkish renditions. The Turkish Parliament approved him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which implies "Daddy of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic. [16] He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was been successful as President by his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was honored with a state funeral service. His iconic mausoleum in Ankara, built and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his popular expression "Peace in the house, Peace worldwide".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which stated it The Atatürk Year worldwide and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, describing him as "the leader of the very first battle given against manifest destiny and imperialism" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding in between peoples and long lasting peace between the countries of the world which he worked all his life for the development of consistency and cooperation between peoples without distinction". [19] [20] Atatürk is celebrated by numerous memorials and locations called in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, previous Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Reward.